Introduction A battery management system (BMS) is an electronic regulator that monitors and controls the charging and discharging of rechargeable batteries. Battery management systems of various types are used in most devices that use rechargeable batteries . Lithium-ion batteries are used in multiple applications, ranging from…

Introduction Every device is designed to work in a fixed range but voltage supplied to houses and industries may fluctuate due to various reasons like a sudden interruption of heavy load, lightning, etc.  Nowadays major problem in the industry, as well as households, is sudden over voltage or under voltage which results in damaging…